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covid -19 in neonate

Amirmasoud Borghei

By Amirmasoud Borghei
in infections

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yangw126 Enthusiast

yangw126

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10 hours ago, Stefan Johansson said:

Any case reports or experience on neonates/infants infected with covid-19?

In Wuhan and outside Wuhan cities, the local neonatologists/Pediatricians reported  only a few  cases. No severe cases,  All of the infants have no symptoms or only  mild symptoms,and also,no death cases.

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Francesco Cardona Mentor

Francesco Cardona

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The CDC has come out with recommendations:

It is unknown whether newborns with COVID-19 are at increased risk for severe complications. Transmission after birth via contact with infectious respiratory secretions is a concern. To reduce the risk of  transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19 from the mother to the newborn, facilities should consider temporarily separating (e.g., separate rooms) the mother who has confirmed COVID-19 or is a PUI from her baby until the mother’s transmission-based precautions are discontinued, as described in the Interim Considerations for Disposition of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. See the considerations below for temporary separation:

  • The risks and benefits of temporary separation of the mother from her baby should be discussed with the mother by the healthcare team.
  • A separate isolation room should be available for the infant while they remain a PUI. Healthcare facilities should consider limiting visitors, with the exception of a healthy parent or caregiver. Visitors should be instructed to wear appropriate PPE, including gown, gloves, face mask, and eye protection. If another healthy family or staff member is present to provide care (e.g., diapering, bathing) and feeding for the newborn, they should use appropriate PPE. For healthy family members, appropriate PPE includes gown, gloves, face mask, and eye protection. For healthcare personnel, recommendations for appropriate PPE are outlined in the Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations.
  • The decision to discontinue temporary separation of the mother from her baby should be made on a case-by-case basis in consultation with clinicians, infection prevention and control specialists, and public health officials. The decision should take into account disease severity, illness signs and symptoms, and results of laboratory testing for the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2. Considerations to discontinue temporary separation are the same as those to discontinue transmission-based precautions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Please see Interim Considerations for Disposition of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.
  • If colocation (sometimes referred to as “rooming in”) of the newborn with his/her ill mother in the same hospital room occurs in accordance with the mother’s wishes or is unavoidable due to facility limitations, facilities should consider implementing measures to reduce exposure of the newborn to the virus that causes COVID-19.
    • Consider using engineering controls like physical barriers (e.g., a curtain between the mother and newborn) and keeping the newborn ≥6 feet away from the ill mother.
    • If no other healthy adult is present in the room to care for the newborn, a mother who has confirmed COVID-19 or is a PUI should put on a facemask and practice hand hygiene1 before each feeding or other close contact with her newborn. The facemask should remain in place during contact with the newborn. These practices should continue while the mother is on transmission-based precautions in a healthcare facility.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/pregnant-women-and-children.html

Breast feeding

Breast milk provides protection against many illnesses. There are rare exceptions when breastfeeding or  feeding expressed breast milk is not recommended. CDC has no specific guidance for breastfeeding during infection with similar viruses like SARS-CoV or Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV).

Outside of the immediate postpartum setting, CDC recommends that a mother with flu continue breastfeeding or feeding expressed breast milk to her infant while taking precautions to avoid spreading the virus to her infant.

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for most infants. However, much is unknown about COVID-19. Whether and how to start or continue breastfeeding should be determined by the mother in coordination with her family and healthcare providers.  A mother with confirmed COVID-19 or who is a symptomatic PUI should take all possible precautions to avoid spreading the virus to her infant, including washing her hands before touching the infant and wearing a face mask, if possible, while feeding at the breast.  If expressing breast milk with a manual or electric breast pump, the mother should wash her hands before touching any pump or bottle parts and follow recommendations for proper pump cleaning after each use. If possible, consider having someone who is well feed the expressed breast milk to the infant.

 

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Stefan Johansson Grand Master

Stefan Johansson

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Learned about those two references on Twitter:

https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa225/5803274

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/03/16/peds.2020-0702

The paper in Pediatics is very interesting and it also shows that, although uncommon, 7/379 infants <1y developed critical disease (~1.8%)

 

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Stefan Johansson Grand Master

Stefan Johansson

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From the European Paediatric Association today.

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On March 12, 2020, WHO announced the outbreak caused by COVID-192, a pandemic. Since its first appearing in Germany on January 20, 2020, reported by NEJM, Europe faced a rapid spread and escalation of COVID-19, and it is currently at the center of this pandemic. Other regions of the globe (North America, South America and Middle East) are currently experiencing a rapid virus dissemination and escalation of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases.

Data summary
Global outbreak situation as of March 23: 184 countries, areas or territories with cases; 270.000 confirmed cases; 11.500 confirmed deaths. In Europe, confirmed cases are 135.000 and 6000 the confirmed death (WHO data).

Major symptoms:
The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some patients may have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat or diarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Some people become infected but do not develop any symptoms and don't feel unwell. Most people (about 80%) recover from the disease without needing special treatment. Around 1 out of every 6 people who gets COVID-19 becomes seriously ill and develops difficulty breathing. Common signs of disease include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties with pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and kidney failure. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes, are more likely to develop serious illness. People with fever, cough and difficulty breathing should seek medical attention.

COVID-19 Incubation period:
WHO reports that most estimates of the incubation period for COVID-19 range from 1-14 days, most commonly around five days. These estimates will be updated as more data become available.

Coronavirus infection in children:
Children seems rarely infected. A comprehensive study of the COVID-19 infection in Chinese children (Dong Y et al. Pediatrics, 2020) shows that over 2145 total cases over 90% were asymptomatic, mild or moderate, with only one death reported, due to lethality of the infection - defined as the number of deaths divided by the total of cases - which is <0.05% for those under 18 years of age. The report is consistent with those from Europe. On March 19, the Italian Society of pediatrics issued a report from Italy, which is currently the European country most severely hit by the epidemic, showing that only 330 cases of COVID-19 infected children are reported in this country, mostly >6 year old individuals showing mild symptoms.

COVID-19 and pregnancy:
According to the CDC, there is insufficient data at this time to know whether pregnant women are at increased risk for adverse health outcomes if infected by the novel coronavirus as compared to non-pregnant people. A WHO-China Joint Mission investigation of 147 pregnant women in China with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 found that 8% had severe disease and 1% were in critical condition (14% severe, 6% critical for the overall population). In a small study of pregnant women in Wuhan, China, the clinical characteristics and severity of COVID-19 also appeared similar between pregnant and non-pregnant women. That said, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) issued a statement that “pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe illness, morbidity, or mortality compared with the general population,” likely due to physiologic changes that happen during pregnancy, and because pregnancy constitutes a state of relative immunosuppression as compared to non-pregnancy.

COVID-19 transmission during pregnancy and breastfeeding:
Data are also lacking about whether pregnant women infected by the novel coronavirus can pass it to their fetuses across the placenta during pregnancy, called “vertical transmission.” ,Current data exclude this possibility. Several small studies of pregnant women infected with the novel coronavirus found no evidence of vertical transmission, as none of their infants tested positive at birth, and the virus was not detected in samples of the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood or placental tissue (Zhu et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020). However, a few cases of newborns infected by the novel coronavirus have been reported, and it remains unclear if they were infected before, during or after delivery (Qiao, 2020; Murphy, 2020). There is no evidence to date to suggest the novel coronavirus can pass to infants through breast-milk. To this regard, the US CDC has issued precautionary guidance for women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who are also breastfeeding.

Adverse health outcomes have been found in infants born to mothers affected by COVID-19, including respiratory distress, premature labor, and even death. However, it is unclear whether these adverse outcomes are related or not to the COVID-19 infection in their mothers. Meanwhile, guidance published by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG) suggests there is no data yet linking COVID-19 with an increased risk of pregnancy loss. As for maternal outcomes, some initial evidence indicates outcomes are similar between women with and without COVID-19, however other studies show symptom severity in pregnancy varies from asymptomatic to life-threatening. As the outbreak continues, more data on maternal and neonatal outcomes will likely come forward.

Getting ready to contrast the epidemic in Europe:
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has activated its highest alert level. This involves getting clinical sites and diagnostics labs ready to deal with cases on European soil and researchers from various institutions discuss the research questions including the best treatment strategies for patients. Sharing and aligning activities at European and international level in the area of public health emergency preparedness adds value to the efforts of single countries to strengthen their capacities and ensure coordinated and effective support when faced with cross-border health threats

What to do:
All governments worldwide have applied restriction measures. Clinicians should be vigilant for international travelers who show respiratory symptoms and take infection-control precautions with people who may be infected. They should collect nasopharyngeal, nasal, throat swab and lower respiratory tract specimens from these patients and consider saving urine, stool, serum and respiratory pathology specimen. However, all individuals showing symptom suggesting a coronavirus infection must be tested. Clinicians should notify infection control, state and location health departments immediately and report to the local National Institutes of Health.


The use of protective masks:
 
  1. Remember, a mask should only be used by health workers, care takers, and individuals with respiratory symptoms, such as fever and cough.
  2. Before touching the mask, clean hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water
  3. Take the mask and inspect it for tears or holes.
  4. Orient which side is the top side (where the metal strip is).
  5. Ensure the proper side of the mask faces outwards (the coloured side).
  6. Place the mask to your face. Pinch the metal strip or stiff edge of the mask so it moulds to the shape of your nose.
  7. Pull down the mask’s bottom so it covers your mouth and your chin.
  8. After use, take off the mask; remove the elastic loops from behind the ears while keeping the mask away from your face and clothes, to avoid touching potentially contaminated surfaces of the mask.
  9. Discard the mask in a closed bin immediately after use.
  10. Perform hand hygiene after touching or discarding the mask – Use alcohol-based hand rub or, if visibly soiled, wash your hands with soap and water.
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Stefan Johansson Grand Master

Stefan Johansson

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New paper out today in JAMA Ped, a case series of 33 mothers and 3 newborns being positive for Covid-19 (i.e. 30 infants were tested negative)

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2763787

Quote

Consistent with previous studies, the clinical symptoms from 33 neonates with or at risk of COVID-19 were mild and outcomes were favorable.Of the 3 neonates with symptomatic COVID-19, the most seriously ill neonate may have been symptomatic from prematurity, asphyxia, and sepsis, rather than SARS-CoV-2 infection.

 

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dr nalini Apprentice

dr nalini

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Hi 

I got information from Twitter 

5 neonatal cases from Khorasan Razavi province Iran detected on day 2.3,6 and 8 and another baby on day 35 . Separate two cases from another 2 hospitals ,is it true so many new born cases . If true how they are doing .

any update from any other countries than China about neonatal cases .

 

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