Dear Antonine Thank you for rained this important topic ! Thank you for raising this important topic. Regarding bacteriological testing of milk, we do not perform it routinely in Poland; instead, we instruct mothers on proper milk expression and hygiene practices. There are, however, many inconsistencies in Poland concerning CMV. Over 70% of the population is IgG positive, and even a positive IgM result does not necessarily indicate the presence of the virus in milk. We have conducted such studies in mother willing to become donors, and there is no clear correlation beetwen seroprevelence status and viremia at milk. In my opinion, Holder pasteurisation of a motherโs own milk represents a significant loss, yet many centres implement it without confirming whether the virus is actually present in the milk. This would require real-time PCR; however, I do not have sufficient experience to propose a specific protocol.