In Switzerland, we are currently revising our recommendations and have decided to recommend a starting FiO2 of 40%; this was chosen for pragmatic reasons: if you have no blender available, bagging with an ambu bag without oxygen reservoir using an oxygen flow of 4l/Min will result in an FiO2 of approximately 40%, similarly providing oxygen at 4l/Min with a face mask with side holes will result in an FiO2 of approximately 40%. In addition, the use of pulse oxymetry is recommended to guide adjustment of the FiO2.