Hello everyone, I realise this is a challenging issue. From my experience, infants over 2-3 months old often don’t tolerate CPAP masks very well. That’s why, whenever possible, we tend to switch to Optiflow cannulas and Airvo devices, which can be more comfortable for them. When an infant with BPD needs “true” non-invasive ventilation, I believe that, unfortunately, a tracheotomy might be the most practical option. The good news is that we only encounter a few such cases each year. In Poland, there’s a significant challenge in accessing quality non-invasive ventilation covered by health insurance. The available options tend to be more suitable for older children and adults. Usually, patients with chronic respiratory failure are cared for at home by an adult anesthesiologist, which adds another layer to the situation.