Mo7

This resonates with something that's stayed with me. After one of a pair of twins died in one of the units I worked in, the surviving baby's expressed milk bottles still had to be labelled "Twin One" — that's the identifier the blood bank had on file, tied to the group and crossmatch. The parents asked for it to be changed and were told the only way to do that "properly" was to bleed the baby again, just to redo a test that already existed, purely to relabel a milk bottle. It's a small thing on paper, but it meant these parents wrote "Twin One" by hand, multiple times a day, for as long as that baby was on the unit, a quiet, repeated reminder of the sibling who didn't make it. It's stuck with me as a moment where a safety system, built to protect babies, ended up costing this family something it never meant to.

Really interesting, it made me think. A couple of questions out of curiosity. Are you giving azithromycin prophylactically after birth, or only once you have established CLD with a positive culture? I ask because the biological rationale was always strongest in that early post-birth inflammatory window, so I'd be interested to know how you're applying it in practice. One thing that always gave me pause is that even in studies where azithromycin successfully eradicated Ureaplasma, it didn't seem to translate into a reduction in BPD, which suggests the lung injury may be driven by the early inflammatory cascade rather than ongoing colonisation. Possibly even beginning in utero. The AZTEC trial came back negative, with a slight trend toward harm. It's made us revisit their approach. Also worth thinking about, are you continuing probiotics during the course? Given the microbiome impact of macrolides in preterm infants. Would be really curious to hear how you are finding it in practice. Many thanks

What’s the approach to positive ET culture? When should treat and when should it be avoided? While a negative culture is obviously desirable, how far should we pursue it? Will the side effects of antibiotics eventually outweigh their benefits?

I work in many surgical units and most will refeed. However, this depends on the surgeons and their experience. While most centres do refeed, a few don’t. Here’s a link to a review of the available evidence suggesting potential benefits to refeeding rather than withholding it. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858828/

Hi everyone, I came across this interesting paper on discharging preterm infants home on caffeine. Discharging Preterm Infants on Caffeine—Practise Variation Across Europe: Results of a Cross‐Sectional Survey - Kuntz - Acta Paediatrica 2026 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apa.70502 In Canada, this was fairly common in my experience, with some infants going home on caffeine and then simply growing out of it over time. We also did not routinely use much home monitoring. Since working in the UK, however, I have not really seen this practice, so I had assumed it was uncommon across Europe as well. Interestingly, this paper suggests there is actually considerable variation between centres. What is your practice locally? How do you feel about discharging infants home on caffeine? Do you think it is a safe approach, or are there concerns that make you hesitant?

Apologies, I thought that the link will work. I upload the statement Cheers Statement on the application of NLS vs PLS Guidelines Oct 2023 V2.1_2.pdf

The UK resuscitation council issued a useful statement but I don’t believe it adequately addresses the needs of the population we’re discussing: ex-prem, sever BPD & CGA > 44 weeks.

Hi, We used the following for infants typically CGA at or after 44 weeks gestation who still require CPAP support. Most are recovering from a CLD

Hi, Sometimes steroids are used in this situation, but I tend to be cautious about it. Most of the evidence for postnatal steroids comes from studies in very preterm infants who remain mechanically ventilated, where steroids can improve lung mechanics and facilitate extubation. The DART trial, for example, was specifically designed to help chronically ventilated infants achieve extubation. It did not study infants who are already extubated and on non-invasive support, so applying that evidence to babies at 36–40 weeks CGA on CPAP is largely an extrapolation. For infants with established BPD who are already extubated, the evidence that systemic steroids meaningfully change the overall trajectory of the disease is quite limited. In my experience they may produce some transient improvement in respiratory mechanics, but the effect is often short-lived and oxygen requirements may increase again afterwards. Given the potential side effects, I am not convinced they provide sustained benefit in this group. in babies who are already extubated and on CPAP at ≥36 weeks CGA, I am not aware of strong evidence that systemic steroids significantly alter outcomes, and therefore I tend to use them very cautiously.

I think it would be helpful to first reach a shared understanding of the primary outcome we’re aiming for. In the case of babies at 22–24 weeks, I imagine survival is the initial focus, before considerations such as neurodevelopment and BPD become more prominent. With regard to HFOV, adjusting the frequency (Hz) typically affects the tidal volume delivered. If VG is enabled, increasing the frequency—perhaps to reduce CO₂ clearance—might not have the intended effect, as the ventilator will compensate by increasing the amplitude to maintain the set tidal volume, up to the user-defined limit, and vice versa. Cheers!

Hi, There are several factors that influence the ventilation strategy we pursue, and it often differs from baby to baby. DCC is important and, in my view, crucial. For babies born at <25 weeks, we typically proceed with intubation after birth, ideally in the NICU rather than the delivery room, and administer early surfactant. We prefer using the Dräger ventilator over other machines, as it’s dependable and allows for precise control. We use PC-AC with VG, targeting tidal volumes of 5–6 mL/kg, with a short inspiratory time and optimum PEEP. We don’t usually attempt extubation until at least day 3 of life, provided the clinical condition allows. Our philosophy is to let the baby “grow out of the tidal volume” rather than wean it too early. We also consider prophylactic hydrocortisone, particularly in the context of extremely preterm birth and early ventilator dependence. Routine sedation is generally avoided, as it’s often associated with the need for inotropes and increased risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). Caffeine is given as early as possible, ideally within the first 30 minutes of life. We also prioritise initiating mother’s own milk within the first 6 hours, even if in small trophic volumes. That said, this approach is different from the one we take in babies with evolving or established BPD, where the ventilation strategy changes significantly—and that’s probably a discussion for another time. Best regards,

This is my personal approach: If a baby remains on invasive ventilation with a hsPDA, and high peak inspiratory pressures (PIPs) are required to achieve adequate tidal volumes despite relatively low oxygen requirements (FiO₂ <40%), I tend to initiate treatment for the duct. I also generally opt to close the PDA before starting systemic steroids, particularly if there are signs of feeding intolerance or if steroid therapy is being considered for evolving BPD. However, I remain conflicted regarding the role of prophylactic PDA closure, particularly in a specific subset of extremely preterm infants—those born at <26 weeks’ gestation and weighing <500 grams. This group appears particularly vulnerable to pulmonary haemorrhage within the first 72 hours of life. I have witnessed several such infants deteriorate rapidly, ventilated or not, following pulmonary haemorrhage and, unfortunately, some do not survive. This experience continues to shape my cautious stance on routine early treatment in this population.

Hi there, I’ve worked in a few centres, and in Europe, Curosurf is the dominant product. However, in Canada, they use Bles, which is a bovine-based product. The dosage is 5ml/kg, which is a significant volume compared to Curosurf. This can sometimes lead to lung flooding and prolonged desaturation.